Commercial Cleaning & Janitorial

As of May 2023, the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area employs 27,110 workers in the Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners occupation (SOC 37-2011), with an average hourly wage of $15.95 and an annual mean wage of $33,170.

The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA MSA authorized 40,687 total new private housing units in 2024. Building permit activity moderated from a peak of 2,906 total units permitted in December 2024 to approximately 2,289 total units per month by early 2026.

In the Austin-Round Rock, TX MSA, there were 13,660 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, with a mean hourly wage of $16.11 and an annual mean wage of $33,080.

Residential construction permitting in the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos MSA moderated from peak levels of over 42,000 units in 2021-2022 to 32,294 new residential units authorized in 2024. Despite this decline from peak activity, Austin ranked 6th highest among all U.S. major metros for total housing units permitted in 2024 and 2nd highest relative to existing housing stock (28.6 permitted units per 1,000 existing homes).

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD metropolitan statistical area employed 38,080 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners; SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, representing an employment concentration of 14.42 workers per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.99).

Residential construction permitting in the Baltimore region trended downward in recent years, with authorized residential units falling 12% from 2023 to 6,448 units in 2024, and further declining to 5,775 units authorized in 2025.

In the Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA, there were 5,560 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing an employment location quotient of 0.76 relative to the national average.

Residential building permit activity in the Birmingham-Hoover MSA remained steady at roughly 4,944 to 5,173 authorized units annually between 2021 and early 2023, with single-family structures accounting for approximately 3,350 permitted units per year.

In the Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH metropolitan area, there are 44,360 employed janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing a density of 16.06 jobs per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.12 relative to the national average.

Residential building permits in Greater Boston have experienced a sharp downward trend over recent years, dropping from 15,019 permitted units in 2021 to under 9,000 units in 2024 (a decline of over 40%), with 2025 year-to-date figures remaining down 44% compared to 2021 levels.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) represents one of the largest occupational groups in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY metropolitan statistical area, with approximately 10,030 workers employed across the metro.

Residential building permit volume in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls MSA totaled 2,101 units in 2023 (down from 3,197 in 2022), but rebounded to 2,659 authorized housing units for the 12 months ending July 2024, driven primarily by an increase in multi-family rental building permits.

According to official employment data for the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 13,970 employed janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing a location quotient of 0.74 and an annual mean wage of $32,210.

New private housing structures authorized by building permits in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia MSA have sustained strong volume over recent years, issuing over 20,000 authorized units annually (ranging between ~2,400 and 3,600 units monthly), placing Charlotte among the top 5 metropolitan markets nationwide for building permit activity.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN metropolitan statistical area employed 72,020 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2024, ranking as the third-largest metropolitan employment market for building cleaners in the United States with a location quotient of 1.13.

According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total residential structure permit authorizations in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI MSA declined from 2022 levels into 2023 before showing a modest rebound in 2024, reflecting fluctuating regional construction and commercial building expansion activity.

As of May 2023, the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 14,470 workers as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a location quotient of 0.93 relative to the national average and an annual mean wage of $35,210 ($16.93/hr).

During the 12 months ending August 2025, single-family building permits in the Cincinnati MSA increased to 4,250 units (up from 3,925 units in the prior year), while multifamily permits fell slightly to 2,525 units (down from 2,650 units).

As of May 2023, there were 12,890 janitors and cleaners (excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) employed across all sectors in the Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA, earning an annual mean wage of $36,050 ($17.33 per hour).

Building permit volume in the Cleveland-Elyria metro area increased roughly 28.6% year-over-year to 4,175 total authorized housing structure permits, representing a rate of approximately 2.02 permits per 1,000 residents.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS dataset, Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) represents one of the largest occupational counts in Ohio (over 11,000 workers regionally), with Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations accounting for a mean hourly wage of $18.32 in the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Residential and commercial building permit activity in the Columbus, OH MSA has trended significantly upward, with over 16,000 total housing units authorized in recent trailing 12-month periods (representing a >60% year-over-year increase), dominated by multi-family structures (5+ units comprising roughly 62% of permitted units).

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (May 2023), the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA employed 46,070 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 11.62 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.81.

According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA maintains significant construction and building activity, authorizing over 64,000 total private housing units over trailing 12-month periods (~8.17 permits per 1,000 residents) across its 11-county area.

As of May 2023, the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO metropolitan statistical area employed 20,780 Janitors and Cleaners (excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing a location quotient of 0.91 relative to the national average and an annual mean wage of $38,610.

Residential permitting and construction activity in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood MSA slowed from peak post-pandemic levels; for the 12 months ending August 2023, permitted rental housing units fell 16% year-over-year to 8,900 units in the suburban submarket, and total home sales declined 28% to 52,750 units amid rising interest rates.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023 estimates, the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA employed 25,920 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 13.64 workers per 1,000 jobs.

Residential building permit volume in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn MSA trended downward in recent years, with total home sales declining 19% year-over-year in 2023 and new home permitting activity decelerating due to elevated interest rates and elevated construction costs.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data for the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA, there were 8,750 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing an employment density of 15.52 jobs per 1,000 in the metropolitan area and a location quotient of 1.09.

Building permit activity in Connecticut and the Hartford metro region trended upward following 2021, with statewide housing unit authorizations reaching 5,249 in 2023 (a 0.1% increase over 5,244 in 2022, up from under 4,000 in 2021). Multi-family buildings with 5 or more units accounted for 58.6% of total permitted units in 2023, expanding the commercial and residential space requiring janitorial maintenance.

According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA employed 45,340 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a density of 14.26 janitorial jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey and HUD PD&R, residential construction permitting in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land MSA moderated in 2023 to 68,755 total authorized units, a decrease of approximately 9.3% from 75,786 units in 2022, driven primarily by a 35% decline in multi-family permitting to ~22,200 units, while still leading all U.S. metropolitan areas in overall permit volume.

In the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN MSA, janitorial and building cleaners (SOC 37-2011) account for approximately 13.94 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area, representing a location quotient of 0.97 relative to the national average.

Residential construction and building permits in the Indianapolis metro area reached 13,042 authorized units over the trailing twelve months, representing a 26.7% year-over-year increase led by single-family housing expansion in suburban Hamilton, Hendricks, and Boone counties.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, the Jacksonville, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area employs 8,270 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) with a location quotient of 0.78, as well as 790 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers (SOC 37-1011).

Residential building permit activity in the Jacksonville MSA moderated following peak multi-year levels. Total residential permits authorized reached 18,773 units in 2023 (11,600 single-family and 7,173 multi-family units), while multi-family permitting experienced a slowdown of over 4,000 annualized units through mid-2024 as borrowing costs rose and inventory under construction delivered.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS program, the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan statistical area employed 13,550 janitors and building cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing an employment concentration of 12.57 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.

According to the Home Builders Association of Greater Kansas City (KCHBA) residential statistics reports, single-family building permits in the 8-county Kansas City metro finished 2025 down 3% year-over-year at 4,388 units (compared to 4,509 in 2024), but expanded strongly through May 2026 with year-to-date single-family permits up 32% to 2,358 units.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA employed 25,710 workers in Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), exhibiting a high labor density with a Location Quotient of 1.66 relative to the national average.

Data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey shows that new private housing structures authorized by building permits in the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA maintained robust volume over recent years, regularly averaging 1,000 to 1,500 authorized units per month between 2021 and 2024.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA metropolitan statistical area employed 84,960 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2024, representing the second-largest metropolitan janitorial workforce in the United States.

Residential building permit activity in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA has trended downward in recent years, primarily driven by a substantial decline in multi-family unit permit authorizations (down over 40% from peak post-pandemic levels), while single-family permitting has shown modest fluctuations.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA employed 8,790 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2023. This represents a concentration of 13.22 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area (location quotient of 0.92).

Building permit activity in the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA has shown significant growth in recent years. HUD reports that permitted rental units increased 28% to nearly 3,625 units in the 12 months ending April 2023, driven by a 49% increase in Jefferson County, while U.S. Census Bureau permit data tracked an 83.9% surge in multifamily permitting growth in 2023.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan area had 7,260 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a location quotient of 0.81 relative to the national concentration.

New housing units authorized by building permits in the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan area have moderated following peak activity levels in 2021-2022, mirroring broader market cooling under elevated borrowing and construction costs.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metropolitan area employed 38,840 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.00.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau Annual Building Permits Survey, total residential housing units authorized by building permits in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach CBSA declined 23.3% from 21,320 units in 2023 to 16,352 units in 2024.

In the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 11,710 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) employed as of May 2023, with an hourly median wage of $16.59 and an annual mean wage of $34,960.

Single-family residential permitting in the Milwaukee-Waukesha metro area trended upward to 1,725 units for the 12 months ending August 2025 (up from 1,650 units in the prior 12-month period), while multi-family building authorizations moderated after a multi-year peak of 2,300 units in 2024.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA employed 28,280 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a worker density of approximately 14.8 per 1,000 jobs and a Location Quotient of 1.03.

In the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA, multi-family building permit volume experienced a sharp contraction of -59.6% year-over-year in 2024, while single-family permits remained virtually flat at -0.2%.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA employed 13,148 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2022, reflecting a substantial commercial cleaning labor workforce deployed across the metropolitan area.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, total new private housing units authorized by building permits in the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA reached 19,210 units in 2024 and 20,038 units in 2025, reflecting a slight 4% year-over-year shift while maintaining a high overall construction activity rate of approximately 9 to 10 permits per 1,000 residents.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the New Orleans-Metairie, LA metropolitan statistical area employed 8,460 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a location quotient of 1.15 relative to national employment concentration.

Residential building permit authorizations in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA metro area have trended downward in recent years under pressure from elevated interest rates and high construction costs, registering approximately 3.4 new housing units authorized per 1,000 existing homes in 2024.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area employed 181,600 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a significant concentration of property maintenance labor with an annual mean wage of $44,290 ($21.29 mean hourly wage).

In the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area, total new private residential housing units authorized by building permits dropped approximately 8.9% from 58,991 units in 2022 to 53,708 units in 2023, before rebounding in 2024 and 2025 with trailing 12-month permitted units exceeding 54,000 units.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Oklahoma City, OK MSA employed 7,970 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) and 3,930 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2012) as of May 2023.

According to the Census Building Permits Survey data reported in the HUD Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, building permit volume in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area showed steady upward momentum, with total residential permits rising from 8,544 in 2020 to 8,757 in 2021 and 9,963 for the 12 months ending April 2022.

In the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 20,890 employed Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a employment density of 15.28 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.

Building permit volume in the Orlando metro area has moderated following post-2020 highs. Total residential permits decreased 5.6% year-over-year to 28,890 in 2022, and multifamily/rental permitting declined by 21% to approximately 12,000 units for the 12 months ending June 2024 compared to 15,200 units in the prior 12-month period.

As of May 2023, the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD metropolitan area employed 41,240 janitors and cleaners (except maids) and 9,810 maids and housekeeping cleaners, representing 14.58 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area (a location quotient of 1.02 relative to the national average).

In 2024, construction permitting activity in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA saw a sharp drop in multifamily residential building permits, which fell 49.4% year-over-year to 5,054 units (in 5+ unit buildings), while single-family unit permits declined slightly by 0.3% to 1,751 units.

According to U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns data published by the City of Phoenix, there were 1,216 Janitorial Services (NAICS 561720) employer establishments in Arizona, with the vast majority concentrated in the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler metro area. IBISWorld reports that statewide janitorial service locations (including non-employer firms) expanded to 24,756 locations.

Residential building permit volume in Metro Phoenix reached 39,145 total housing units permitted in 2025 (ranking #4 nationally), but overall permitting activity decreased roughly 15% to 20% year-over-year compared to 2024 levels.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 15,220 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, with an employment location quotient of 0.99, indicating a contractor and labor density closely aligned with the national per-capita average.

According to HUD User and U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, homebuilding and residential permitting in the Pittsburgh MSA averaged approximately 3,325 homes annually in 2022-2023, with total regional permit volume stabilizing at 30,750 units by Q4 2024 (up 3.4% from 29,750 in Q4 2023), indicating balanced demand across residential and multi-family construction.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA metropolitan statistical area employed 12,650 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, earning a mean hourly wage of $19.47 and an annual mean wage of $40,510.

According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, residential building permit activity in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro MSA saw a steep drop in 2024, with single-family unit permits decreasing 2.7% YoY to 1,649 units and multi-family unit permits falling 58.5% YoY to 2,696 units.

In the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA, there were 6,300 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners; SOC 37-2011) employed as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.90 relative to the national average and a mean hourly wage of $19.33 ($40,200 annual mean).

New residential building permit activity in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA remains low relative to national averages, authorizing approximately 3.6 new housing units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024, with multi-family authorizations accounting for 48.9% of total new unit permits.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS May 2023 data, the Raleigh, NC MSA employed 7,110 workers as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an occupational density of approximately 10.12 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, single-family residential permit activity in the Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA reached a high of 14,227 single-unit permits in 2021 before moderating to 12,147 in 2023, while maintaining a national leading authorization rate of 28.8 new units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024.

According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data for the Richmond, VA MSA, there were 8,500 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids), representing an occupational density of 13.123 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.

New residential building permit authorization in the Richmond, VA MSA trended downward in 2024 compared to 2023 levels, stabilizing at approximately 58 permitted housing units per 10,000 residents in line with broader national construction patterns.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA employed 19,900 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) and 1,090 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers (SOC 37-1011) in May 2022.

U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data shows the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA authorized 16,320 total new residential building permits in 2022, a 4.6% increase over 2021 ($3.9 billion total valuation). Subsequent multi-family permitting activity slowed in 2023-2024 due to elevated interest rates, including a 20.9% decline in multi-family unit permits in 2024.

According to the California Employment Development Department (EDD) Labor Market Information, the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom MSA had an estimated 14,070 individuals employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in 2022, with employment projected to grow 15.4% to 16,240 by 2032.

According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom metro area authorized 1,094 residential units in May 2026 and 10,042 units over the trailing 12 months, representing a 14% year-over-year increase in monthly permitting volume.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Salt Lake City-Murray, UT MSA maintains a substantial janitorial labor force under SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), with Building and Grounds Cleaning workers earning a mean hourly wage of $18.32.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, building permit activity in the Salt Lake City, UT MSA has normalized following peak post-pandemic construction levels, while maintaining elevated multi-family structure authorizations (3,172 multi-family units authorized in 2024).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 County Business Patterns (CBP) data, there were 556 janitorial services establishments (NAICS 561720) in the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA. Additionally, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) reported 14,570 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) employed in the San Antonio-New Braunfels metro area, representing a location quotient of 0.93.

In 2024, nearly 15,000 new private residential units were authorized by building permits in the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA. Single-family permitting grew 29% year-over-year in Q2 2024 to 3,300 homes permitted (up from 2,570 in Q2 2023), whereas multifamily permit volume declined sharply by 83% (from 3,650 to 610 units) due to elevated apartment inventory and soft rental market conditions.

In the San Diego-Carlsbad, CA metropolitan statistical area, there were 23,310 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners) and 12,030 employed as Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners as of May 2023.

In the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA metro area, privately-owned new housing unit permit authorizations rose from 5,765 units in 2023 to 6,615 units in 2024, representing an increase of 850 units (~14.7%).

In the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 32,700 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids) employed, representing 13.50 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area with a location quotient of 0.94.

Residential building permit volume in the San Francisco metropolitan area showed a downward trend from 2022 into 2024, falling to historic lows (with approximately 1,823 housing units authorized in 2023 down from ~2,800 in 2022) amid high interest rates and elevated construction costs.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA employed 17,610 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a density of 15.42 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs (a location quotient of 1.08). Additionally, City of San Jose business registration data shows 6,661 active business tax certificates registered under NAICS 561720 (Janitorial Services), making up 3.05% of all registered businesses in the city.

Residential and commercial building permit activity in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA saw a sharp downward trend, declining 68% from 1,949 total units permitted in July 2020 to 623 units in July 2025. The decline was heavily driven by a 74% drop in multi-family (5+ unit) building permits, which fell from 1,697 to 449 units over the same period.

In the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 27,560 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing a location density of 13.26 workers per 1,000 jobs.

In the Seattle Metro Area (King, Snohomish, and Pierce counties), building permit activity through September 2024 showed single-family permits increasing 16% year-to-date (5,135 permits), while multifamily permits declined 12% year-to-date (7,452 permits) compared to the same period in 2023.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area employed 19,950 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011).

According to the East-West Gateway Council of Governments analysis of U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, new residential unit permit issuance in the St. Louis region was led by St. Charles County (2,603 units), St. Louis County (1,773 units), the City of St. Louis (1,176 units), and St. Clair County (852 units) in 2022, reflecting moderate, steady regional construction activity.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA employed 17,060 Janitors and Cleaners (Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.84.

Building permit and residential construction activity in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA remained high, with 18,850 rental units under construction as of early 2024 and forecasted demand for 44,825 new housing units over a three-year period. Monthly Census Building Permits Survey tracking highlights an upward trend in authorized housing units, led by multi-family project growth.

According to occupational employment statistics, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan statistical area employed 10,210 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) with a location quotient of 0.97, alongside 910 first-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers (SOC 37-1011).

Residential building permit activity in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News region declined from 7,516 units in 2022 to 6,772 units in 2023, and dropped further to 6,166 units for the 12 months ending October 2024.

As of May 2024, the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metropolitan statistical area employed 57,480 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing an employment density of 17.44 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.22.

Building permit activity in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metro area has trended downward in recent years, with the permitted housing rate dropping from 3.8 units per 1,000 residents in 2022 to 2.0 in 2023, 1.5 in 2024, and 1.1 in 2025.